The rise of Islamic politics – just another mode of global capitalism?

Ever since the Iranian revolution up until the aftermath of the Arab Spring most of us were made to believe that the advent of Islamic regimes is the ultimate rise of the common man and woman in societies previously repressed and exploited by ruthless dictators. Against entrenched élites of  crony regimes and their entourage, Islamic politics could be perceived as the overdue liberation of the impoverished masses from pseudo-nobility, military dictators or other élites, having had nothing other in mind than to line their pockets for decades and transfer their wealth to Swiss bank accounts.

It is about time to get rid of this stereotype.

Recent evidence comes from Iran, as it were the prototype of this type of regime change. Former president and revolution-veteran Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani in his attempt to re-enter political life now turns out to be a billionaire – as do many of his fellow ‘religious’ leaders. Now this may appear just a co-incidence of yet another political class not resisting the temptation once given free reign over the cookie jar.

But it is not just that: the main policies of his presidency (1989-2007) read like the script book of the Washington Consensus: liberalization of the economy, creating ‘free’ markets, privatization - Rafsanjani used the classic toolbox of what often is dubbed ‘neoliberal’ capitalism in the West. The result is rather similar, too. His policies created a new super rich upper class and made life rather tough for the vast majority of Iranians. I don’t know if there was an ‘Occupy Tehran’ camp – but the story of the 1% versus the 99% would certainly resonate there. And this after three decades of Islamic fundamentalist rule.

This in itself is surprising and widely overlooked in the Western media. The Iranian revolution, together with the more recent uprisings in the ‘Arab Spring’ of 2011, had this strong whiff of a grassroots movement, driven by the disenfranchised, poor, working class, common-man-on-the-street. Much of the rhetoric of Islamic fundamentalists – from Tehran in the 1980s to Cairo or Tunis in the 2010s – sounds like left wing, anti-establishment, people driven political movements with an eye of empowering the lower and middle classes in hitherto repressed dictatorships. In reality, nothing could be further from the truth.

The best example for understanding the way Islamic fundamentalism and a capitalist ideology can be the coziest of bedfellows comes from Turkey. Founded in 1923 on the remains of the Ottoman Empire Turkey is the oldest democracy in the Muslim world. For ten years now, the country has been ruled by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his Islamic Fundamentalist party AKP. The Islamic aspect – while blatantly obvious in local politics - only became more visible in Turkey’s recent conflicts with Israel in the context of support for the Palestinian state. For most of his tenure though, Erdoğan was praised in the west for his economic policies. He continued the economic policies of his predecessor Özal by reducing trade and FDI barriers, liberalizing the economy, privatizing many of the large assets of the Turkish state and creating a new class of Turkish entrepreneurs, the so-called ‘Anatolian Tiger’.

Erdoğan’s base (he won his third term by nearly 50% of the popular vote) is clearly in the poorer, underdeveloped and more backward parts of Central and Eastern Turkey and the poor, fast growing neighborhoods of Turkey’s big cities. Very much what on the surface looks like a working class movement. Conspicuously though, under Erdoğan we have also seen a systematic dismantling of worker’s rights and a trade union movement deeply rooted in the 90 year tradition of a social democratic state envisigaed by Modern Turkey’s founder Atatürk. 

While Erdoğan’s Islamic ‘projects’ – from a re-instatement of headscarves in public institutions to the recent gaffe about a ban of red lipsticks for stewardesses on Turkish Airlines – have slowly garnered some attention in the West, the anti-labor inclinations of his politics have largely been under the radar. After all, they did not differentiate him too much from most other Western capitalist economies recently. Suffice to add, that Erdoğan himself and his wider family is said to have amassed a fairytale fortune over the last decade which puts him just on par with the Ayatollahs next door.

On May 1^st (the European version of Labor Day) trade union rallies and demonstrations are common on in many larger European cities. This year though in Istanbul they were banned for the first time. The hard core of labor activists that still defied the ban and turned up on the city’s central Taksim Square were met by more than 4,000 police with water cannons, rubber bullets and oodles of tear gas, leaving many injured and hospitalized. Scenes, by the way, very much reminiscent of the way US authorities dealt with the Occupy protesters from New York to California.

But this is not just one isolated incident. In 2012, Turkish Airlines fired 300 employees who went on a strike opposing imminent legislation by the AKP targeted at further limiting rights to industrial action. In the built-up to a workout planned for May 15 this year one could read paternalistic messages from the company on large screens in every sales office of Turkish Airlines, encouraging workers to trust the company rather than the union. No wonder the strike went nowhere with the union complaining about intimidation and threats to workers.

There is a growing stream of work on this topic in the Academic world. Işık Özel , a professor at Sabancı University in Istanbul has done inspiring work on how contemporary political Islam is informed by pretty much the same mindset as modern capitalism. In one of her papers, she cites the mayor of Kayseri, one of the towns at the centre of the ‘Anatolian Tiger’: "To understand this town and its flourishing economy, one would have to read Max Weber!". In short, one can argue that much of what made Protestantism the ideological midwife of modern capitalism can now be applied to many contemporary streams of political Islam.

We lack the space here to explore this further. But one take-away is fairly obvious: political Islam and the rise of regimes predicated on its religious tenets is anything but an alternative path to oppose global capitalism. As much as the rhetoric seems to juxtapose this political movement against its arch-enemy, the United States as the ultimate capitalist system, the empirical proof on the ground points in a markedly opposite direction.

Islamic fundamentalism is not an alternative to global capitalism. It is exactly the same project, albeit under a different ideological cloak.

DM

(An edited version of this blog entry was published as an Op-Ed in The Globe and Mail on June 3, 2013)

Photo by MVI , reproduced under the Creative Commons License

CSR quest: Wayne Visser in the hot seat

In January, our sometime collaborator and co-editor of the A-Z of CSR, Wayne Visser set off on a 12 month, 22 country ‘CSR quest’ to talk and learn about how companies can help tackle the world’s most pressing social and environmental problems. Crane & Matten talked to him about what he hopes to achieve and what’s in his luggage.

C&M: So, what is the CSR quest and why are you doing it?

WV: In my mind it’s a bit like the Holy Grail. Is CSR (corporate social responsibility) something that we should be chasing after, and what actually is a company’s social responsibility? My experience so far is that it means completely different things in different countries. So I want to explore this variety and then capture and share some of the innovative CSR practices that are going on out there.

But why pack up all your stuff and go on the road for a year? Couldn’t you have just sent some emails?

You can only do so much with email and internet forums. Unless you meet and engage face-to-face, you don’t really capture the learning. Also, companies are just not achieving the transformative change that we need to solve the world’s problems. This is my attempt to help turn the tide.

But is flying all over the world the most responsible way of promoting social responsibility?

There’s merit to that criticism. I’m trying to make the trip neutral through carbon offsets. But I wouldn’t be doing the trip if I didn’t think the benefits outweighed the costs – and that includes the environmental costs. I’m hoping it has a multiplying effect. If you look at the impact Al Gore had on climate change awareness, it wouldn’t have happened if he’d just stayed home.

How much difference do you expect to see in terms of how companies practice CSR in different countries?

I’m learning about the various cultures and how cultural context affects CSR – in terms of religion, history, etc. And I’m particularly targeting developing countries, where the need for CSR is greatest. Often it’s where the need is greatest that the real innovation happens. So I’m looking out for some of those kinds of differences too.

Do you think you’ll be anywhere long enough to see any real differences?

I’m under no illusions that it’s anything other than a snapshot. It’s my personal wandering adventure, so it will inevitably be ad hoc. But just by interacting on the ground and meeting people face to face you do get a good sense of what’s going on.

You’ve just been to Turkey and Kenya – was there anything that struck you in those countries?

In Kenya, what was really exciting was M-Pesa, which is an initiative that has now empowered a whole country (where 80% of people don’t even have a bank account) to access financial services through mobile phones. That’s an example of where need can drive innovation. Turkey was still surprisingly immature with respect to CSR. But it has got hold of the corporate governance agenda and is promoting itself as a bit of a hub for corporate governance in the region, especially in the Middle East.

How are you going to go about sharing all the things that you pick up along the way?

I’m conducting workshops for various host institutions (universities, CSR associations and the like) and sharing what I’ve found. I’m also posting blogs and short videos of interviews that I conduct in each country. And I’m keeping a diary, so a CSR Quest book is a possibility some time in the future.

What if no one tunes in?

It will probably grow in momentum as it goes on. I have existing networks and outlets through Facebook, Twitter, Ning, so you never know what the impact of these things will be. Besides, I would do it even if only 1 person was listening; it’s a personal journey as much as anything.

You’re putting everything on the internet for free and you’re giving free talks – so how exactly are you financing the trip?

With difficulty! It’s all self-funded. I’m organizing more substantial workshops for some of the host institutions, and those are paid-for. But it’s very uncertain. I’ve got the tickets booked but its not all set-up – I’m relying on the power of the web and the networks to keep it going. So all offers to help are welcome!

You’re one month in now – how are you liking being on the road?

I gave up my flat, so I’m essentially homeless now, living out of a suitcase. It’s a mixture of tiring and unsettling, and invigorating and stimulating. As soon as I’m interacting with people on the ground it’s extremely rewarding. It’s already been worthwhile, so even if the rest of the tour would falter, I’d still feel it had been a success.

How big is that suitcase?

Just one quite large suitcase and the bag for the computer and the camera. So two bags. It’s not quite hand luggage but it’s not much.

Is there anything that you’re sorry that you had to leave behind?

Not yet. But I may regret going light on the clothes. I’ve just got one suit and 3 shirts. And I’m having to do a lot of underwear washing in the shower!

Crane and Matten are currently based in Amsterdam and Toronto respectively. Any plans on dropping in on us?

I hope so. I plan to finish the tour with a North American leg, but I’m not planning on coming to Amsterdam at the moment. If after 10 or 12 months I get an invitation and I’m up for more, who knows? By then, though, I may well need to put my feet in concrete for a while.

You can follow Wayne’s CSR Quest on the CSR International blog at www.csrinternational.org or http://csrinternational.blogspot.com/ or contact him directly on wayne@csrinternational.org

Airport photo copyright Idle Type. Reproduced under Creative Commons Licence. Wayne Visser photo courtesy of Wayne.